10 Pemain Terbaik Real Madrid

Sejak awal berdiri, Real Madrid telah memiliki ratusan pemain bertalenta luar biasa. Permasalahan utamanya adalah, tim ini memang gemar mengumpulkan pemain-pemain terbaik dunia semenjak puluhan tahun lalu. Tidak seperti Manchester City yang baru-baru ini saja memiliki kegemaran yang sama. Tapi bagi saya, dibawah ini adalah daftar pemain yang memberikan pengaruh paling besar dalam menjaga kejayaan Los Merengues.

10. Raul Gonzalez

Siapa yang bisa mengingkari bahwa Raul adalah salah satu pemain terbaik Real Madrid? Bahkan pendukung Barcelona pun tidak! Pencetak gol terbanyak El Real (323 gol) ini adalah pemain asli binaan Castilla Real Madrid. Jangan lupa bahwa ia adalah pemain yang membuat Emilio Butragueno harus angkat kaki dari Estadio Santiago Bernabeu. Menjalani debut sebagai pemain termuda yang pernah bermain bagi El Real, Raul ditahbiskan menjadi Pangeran Bernabeu oleh seluruh Madridista. Sepanjang karirnya bersama Madrid, tak sekalipun ia mendapatkan kartu merah. Sebuah bukti bahwa ia tidak hanya memiliki skill, melainkan juga kepribadian yang baik dalam mengontrol emosi dan memimpin tim. Sekalipun ia tidak menghabiskan karir di Real Madrid, tak mungkin pendukung Madrid akan melupakan pangerannya yang tercinta.

9. Iker Casillas

Saint Iker. Begitu ia biasa dipanggil oleh para Madridista. Pemain asli binaan El Real ini telah mejadi penjaga gawang utama Madrid semenjak tahun 2002. Pacar dari Sara Carbonero ini merupakan salah satu penjaga gawang terbaik di muka bumi saat ini. Jujur, saya merasa kasihan dengan para penjaga gawang cadangan Real Madrid. Bagaimana mungkin mereka bisa menggeser posisi seorang Casillas. Musim 2007-2008 adalah bukti betapa hebatnya seorang Casillas. Ia hanya kebobolan 32 gol dari 36 kali bertanding di La Liga. Sekarang ia telah menjadi kapten dari Real Madrid dan Spanyol. Reflek yang cepat, gesit, berwibawa, dan ganteng. Untuk poin yang terakhir, saya rasa cukup jarang seorang kiper memiliki paras tampan seperti dirinya.

8.Claude Makelele

Claude Makelele? Pemain terbaik Real Madrid sepanjang masa? Menurut saya jawabannya adalah, pasti. Perannya di Real Madrid ketika itu sungguh tidak tergantikan. Meski hanya tiga tahun berbaju putih El Real, sumbangsihnya sebagai gelandang bertahan sungguhlah besar. Bahkan karena talentanya tersebut, peran gelandang bertahan sering disebut dengan “Makelele role”. Selama ia bermain, Madrid selalu berhasil meraih gelar di setiap tahunnya. Dan setelah Makelele pindah, Madrid langsung puasa gelar. Menurut saya pribadi, keputusan melepas Makelele adalah salah satu kebodohan terbesar Los Merengues. Fernando Hierro pun berkata senada dengan saya. Berikut adalah kutipan pernyataan Hierro mengenai kepergian Makelele: “Saya pikir Makelele adalah pemain terbaik Madrid beberapa tahun belakangan, namun tak seorangpun menyadari hal tersebut. Tak seorangpun sadar apa yang ia lakukan untuk tim ini. Semua pemain tahu bahwa dia adalah pemain terpenting. Kepergian Makelele adalah awal dari berakhirnya Los Galacticos.”

7.Luis Figo

Bagi pendukung Barcelona, ia adalah seorang Judas. Namun bagi pendukung Madrid, ia adalah seorang pendosa yang bertobat ke jalan yang benar. Kemarahan segenap penghuni Boixos Nois tak cukup untuk menghentikan talenta Figo. Pemain berkewaganegaraan Portugal ini benar-benar mengontrol lapangan tengah Los Merengues. Gesit, elegan, dan pintar dalam memainkan si kulit bundar. Menjadi pemain pertama di era Los Galacticos, kepopulerannya di kalangan Madridista mungkin hanya kalah dari sepotong kepala babi.

6 . Zinedine Zidane

Masterpiece. Setiap Zidane menyentuh bola, kita pasti selalu berharap ia akan melakukan gerakan-gerakan yang tak terduga nan ajaib. Dia adalah bagian penting dari era Los Galacticos. Di musim pertamanya membela Real Madrid, ia langsung menyumbangkan gelar UEFA Champions League. Tak butuh banyak gol untuk membuktikan bahwa ia adalah salah satu pemain tengah terhebat sepanjang masa. Sebuah tandukan ke dada Marco Materazzi di final Piala Dunia 2006 tak akan cukup untuk membuat namanya menjadi buruk di mata pecinta sepakbola. Apapun yang terjadi, Zidane tetaplah Zidane dengan tendangan spektakulernya di Final Champions League 2002 yang akan dikenang sepanjang masa.

5. Fernando Hierro

Di bawah kepemimpinan Hierro lah Real Madrid terakhir kali meraih gelar UEFA Champions League. Karisma dan skill nya dalam memimpin barisan pertahanan sangat mengagumkan. Tak banyak yang bisa saya katakan tentang pemain ini. Permainannya begitu lugas dan garang. Sebagai seorang bek, ia adalah pemain yang sangat subur. Dari 439 caps bersama El Real, ia mencetak 102 gol! Dan ia pernah mencetak hat-trick ketika menghadapi Real Zaragoza di tahun 2002.

4. Hugo Sanchez

Real Madrid seakan tidak pernah kehilangan duet maut. Setelah era Di Stefano dan Puskas, lalu hadir duet Butragueno dan Sanchez. Ya, dialah tandem sejati dari Emilio Butragueno. Total 208 gol ia cetak untuk El Real. Tujuh tahun bermain untuk Madrid, lima kali ia persembahkan trofi Liga Spanyol. Mau tahu dimana letak pentingnya seorang Hugo Sanchez? Ketika ia menyumbangkan lima trofi tersebut, ia meraih gelar El Pichichi sebanyak empat kali.

3. Emilio Butragueno 

Butragueno adalah pemain asli binaan Real Madrid. Striker kelahiran 1963 ini adalah salah satu penyerang terbaik di era 80an. Selama berkarir, ia menyumbang enam gelar Liga Spanyol untuk Los Merengues. Meski perolehan gol nya di Madrid “hanya” 171 gol, namun kontribusinya begitu besar dalam menjaga kejayaan Real Madrid. Meskipun karirnya di klub yang ia bela sejak kecil tidak berakhir manis, namun tak satupun Madridista sejati yang akan melupakan sumbangsih seorang El Buitre.

 2. Ferenc puskas

Setelah era Di Stefano memborbardir gawang lawan, berikutnya muncul Ferenc Puskas. Real Madrid ketika era itu memang mengerikan. Duet Stefano-Puskas ini begitu mematikan. Pemain berkewarganegaraan Hungaria dan Spanyol ini ada di peringkat keempat pencetak gol terbanyak El Real dengan 238 gol. Selama berkarir di Madrid, Puskas telah menyumbang lima trofi Liga Spanyol secara berutut-turut dari tahun 1961-1965. Pemain kelahiran 1927 ini pun pernah meraih gelar El Pichichi empat tahun berturut-turut dari tahun 1960-1964. Dan untuk menghargai talenta yang ia miliki, FIFA menciptakan Ferenc Puskas Award pada tahun 2009 yang diberikan kepada pencetak gol terindah dalam satu musim. Penghargaan ini diberikan karena Puskas adalah pencetak gol terbanyak di abad ke-20 dengan 512 gol dari 528 pertandingan. Legend.

1. Alfredo Di Stefano

Adakah Madridista yang tidak tahu Alfredo Di Stefano? Apabila ada, sebaiknya anda mengenal pemain yang satu ini. Pemain yang pernah membela tiga tim nasional ini adalah legenda hidup Real Madrid dengan 308 gol sepanjang karirnya bagi Los Merengues. Dari Sembilan gelar UEFA Champions League yang dimiliki El Real, ia turut andil menyumbang lima diantaranya (1955/56, 1956/57, 1957/58, 1958/59, 1959/60). Ketajaman peraih dua kali Ballon d’Or (1957 dan 1959) ini sangat ditakuti oleh bek-bek lawan. Sebagai penghormatan, Real Madrid menjadikan namanya sebagai nama dari stadion milik Real Madrid Castilla di Valdebebas pada tahun 2006.

Sifat Berdasarkan Bulan Lahir

Kamu  lahir di bulan apa?

Me : OKTOBER ​

JANUARI

✓Mudah jatuh cinta

✓Tidak Menghargai pasangan

✓Sulit untuk Jujur & transparan

✓Sangat romantis

✓Modis, suka kemewahan

✓Sensitif

✓Sopan

FEBRUARI

✓Sangat mencintai pasangan

✓Sulit melupakan saat dikhianati

✓Setia

✓Romantis

✓Baik hati dan tegas

✓Mudah bergaul & pemalu

MARET

✓ Mudah menarik simpati lawan jenis

✓ Mandiri

✓ Pemalu

✓ Mudah cemburu

✓ Manja

✓ Mudah mencintai

✓ Tidak banyak menuntut

✓ Setia sama pasangan

APRIL

✓ Sulit jatuh cinta

✓ berani berterus terang

✓ Pemalu

✓ Butuh perhatian

✓ Pencemburu

✓ Mudah emosi

✓ romantis

✓ cerdas

✓ Sukar melupakan pasangan walaupun

dikhianati.

MAY

✓ Mudah jatuh cinta

✓ Tak setia

✓ Sukar di mengerti

✓ Engga suka diatur

✓ Suka berkhayal

✓ Hobby tidur

✓ Nekad

JUNI

✓ Bisa menyenangkan pasangan

✓ Selalu setia mencintai pasanganya

✓ Pemaaf

✓ Mudah emosi

✓ Pelindung sejati

JULI

✓ Pandai menjaga diri

✓ Suka didampingi

✓ Selalu mengerti

✓ Suka & senang berterus terang

✓ Mudah terluka & lama pulih

✓ Mudah ngambek

✓ Setia

✓ Pendengar yang baik

✓ Mudah cemburu

✓ Suka menilai & menjaga hubungan

AGUSTUS

✓ Suka memimpin

✓ Romantis

✓ Penuh kasih sayang & penyayang

✓ Sangat sensitif

✓ Mudah curhat

SEPTEMBER

✓ Sopan

✓ Suka mengkritik

✓ Sangat sensitif & emosional

✓ Pandai memahami

✓ Kurang menunjukan perasaannya terhadap pasangan

✓ Sukar melupakan jika hatinya.   terluka

✓ Pandai menyimpan perasaan

✓ Suka berterus terang

OKTOBER

✓ Pandai berkomunikasi

✓ Suka disayang & menyayangi

✓ Sopan

✓ Jujur & jarang berpura2

✓ Mudah emosi

✓ Pencemburu

✓ Romantis dan setia

✓ Memahami pasangan

NOVEMBER

✓ Cermat & teliti

✓ Suka berahasia dengan siapapun

✓ Kuat

✓ Pemurah/baik hati

✓ Mudah emosi

DESEMBER

✓ Mudah mencintai

✓ Selalu tergesa - gesa

✓ Mandiri

✓ Mencintai kebebasan

Soal Discussion Text

The following text is for questions 1 to 3.

Animal testing is a deeply divided subject with a great deal of passion, emotion and ideas on both sides regarding the ethic of the practice. Some individuals support animal testing and some other oppose its use.

The scientific community is strongly in favour in animal testing. The medical breakthroughs that have occured as a result of animal testing are considered reason enough to continue the practice, with the aim of reducing human suffering and saving human lives. Animal testing aids researchers in finding drugs and tratments to improve health and medicine. Many medical treatments have been made possible by animal testing, including cancer and HIV drugs, insulin, antibiotics, vaccines and many more. Animal testing also helps to ensure the safety of drugs and many other substances human use or are exposed to regularly. Scientists typically use animals for testing purpose because they are considered similar to humans.

The contra on the issue of animal testing is that countless animals are experimented on and then killed after their use. Others are injured and will still live the rest of their lives in captivity. Many of these animals received tests for substances that will never actually be used for public consumption and use. Animal testing generally costs an enormous amount of money as the animals must be fed, housed, cared for and treated with drugs or experimental substances. The price of the animal themselves must also be factored into equation.

As a result of the controversy, regulations and laws should be enforced. At the very least, animal suffering should be minimized and that animals shoul be respected during their care. If animal testing is to continue, animals must be abused.

1. Which of the following is the reason why scientists use animal for testing?

     A.  Animals are the same as humans

     B.  Animals can reduce human suffering

     C.  Cancer and HIV can be found on animals

     D.  Animals and humans are regarded be alike

     E.  Medical treatments can be given to animals

2. The main idea of paragraph 3 is ....

     A.  the practice of animal testing is intolerable

     B.  animals need to be fed, housed and cared for

     C.  drugs and experimental substances are useless

     D. animal testing costs enormous amount of money

     E.  animal testing causes many animals live in captivity

3. From the text above, we can conclude that ....

     A.  medical experiments should be limited

     B.  pet lovers are in favour in animal testing

     C. animal testing is against the laws and regulations

     D. vaccines used today have been tested on animals

     E. patients never get benefit from the practices of animal testing

The following text is for questions 4 to 7.

Living in a big city has both advantages and disadvantages.

On the plus side, it is often easier to find work, and there is usually a choice of public transport,

so you don’t need to own a car. Also, there are a lot of interesting to do and places to see.
For example, you can eat in good restaurants, visit the museums, and go to the theater and to concerts. What is more, when you want to relax, you can usually find a park where you can feed the ducks or just sit on a park bench and read a book. All in all, city life is full of bustle and variety and you need never feel bored.

However, for every plus there is a minus. For one thing, you might have a job, but unless it is very well paid, you will not be able to afford many of the things that there are to do, because living in a big city is often very expensive.

It is particularly difficult to find good, cheap accommodation. What is more, public transport is sometimes crowded and dirty, particularly in the rush hour, and even the parks can become very crowded, especially on Sundays when it seems that every city dweller is looking for some open space and green grass. Last of all, despite all the crowds, it is still possible to feel very lonely in a city.

In conclusion, I think that city life can be particularly appealing to young people, who like the excitement of the city and don’t mind the noise and pollution. However, many people, when they get older, and particularly when they have young children, often prefer the peace and fresh air of the countryside.

4.  What is the suitable title of the text above?

     a.  Living in a big city
     b.  Advantage of living in a big city
     c.  Disadvantage of living in a big city
     d.  The positive effect of living in a big city
     e.  The danger of living in a big city

5.  What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
     a.  a choice of public transport
     b.  living without having a car
     c.  a lot of interesting things to do
     d.  a side effect of living in a big city
     e.  advantages of living in a big city

6.  What is the advantage of living in a big city?
     a.  It is often easy to find work
     b.  It is not expensive to fulfill daily needs
     c.  There are not any interesting things to do
     d.  It is not difficult to find good accommodation
     e.  There are not noise and pollution affecting people’s life

7.  “In conclusion, I think that city life can be particularly appealing to young people, who like the

       excitement of the city and don’t mind the noise and pollution.” (Paragraph 6)
      The underlined word means …
       a.  eye catching                          c.  beautiful                        e.  lunatic
       b.  attractive                              d.  wonderful

The following text is for questions 8 to 10.

Computers are undoubtedly, used by almost all people in the world. Computers provide people with quicker, practical and useful works. People admit the superiority of computers in their work. They can make use of the used product of technology which brings many benefits for society, from children to adult.

However, computers certainly do not promote physical activity. There are some students who are caught in the mystique of this machine. They forgot about lunch, forget to rest and even want to skip from after shool-activities. Even, those who hold strong oppositions about this machine, they say that this machine fail to allow its users some of emotions that are desirable in human beings. In fact some preliminary research has slown that prolong exposure to computerized testing situations has resulted students in being surly and often abusive to each other.

So, whatever opinion a person holds, try to bear in the mind that computers not only bring some benefits but also cause some problems.

8.  Which statement is NOT TRUE according to the text?

     A.  Computers certainly do not promote physical activity.

     B.  Computers only bring some benefits

     C.  People admit the superiority of computers in their work.

     D.  Computers are undoubtedly, used by almost all people in the world.

     E.  Computers provide people with quicker, practical and useful works.

9.   "They forgot about lunch, forget to rest and even want to skip from after shool-activities."

      (Paragraph 2)

      The underlined word refers to ....

      A.  Computer                                               C.  Work                                               E. Students

      B.  People                                                    D.  The writer

10.  "... they say that this machine fail to allow its users some of emotions that are desirable in human

       beings." (Paragraph 2)

        "Allow" means ....

        A.  Permit                                                    C.  Advice                                            E.  Instruct

        B.  Order                                                     D.  Suggest

For questions 11 to 15 fill the missing word with the most suitable one!

Deciding Where To Live

Many young people have difficulty deciding where they will live when the time comes to leave home and make their one (11).... in the world. Among the more common alternatives are sharing a house or flat with other young people, and finding full board and lodgings in someone else's home. Renting a house with other young people offers the advantage of a high degree of (12).... and independence. For example, you would be free to come and go at times that suit you, without needing to inform anyone that you would not be home for dinner.

On the down side, renting involves a variety of (13).... that may be more than you wish to take on. For example, if you rent a house, you will need to spend time and money maintaining the lawn and gardens. You may also share the legal responsibility for the ren and for damage to the property if your name is on the rental agreement.

Finding board and lodgings, on the other hand, has significant advantages. Generally you have no responsibility for the cleaning or maintenance of the dwelling or its gardens, other than to take reasonable care of your room. Your meals are usually provided for you, the home is usually more comfortably furnished than you would be able to (14).... in a rented property, and your financial liability is limited to the payment of your fixed weekly amount for board and lodging.

However, living in board and lodging circumstances has its drawbacks too. You have less freedom and flexibility in your lifestyle, not only in the timing of meals, but also, for example, in how loudly you can play your music.

In the end, the decision each person makes will depend on their own personal valuing of (15).... and of convenience, as well as their feeling of readiness for taking on the (16).... financial and other responsibilities of house or flat rental.

11.  A. return                                                 C.  way                                                       E. go

       B. alley                                                    D. street

12. A. imprisoned                                         C. tie                                                            E.  freedom

      B. bind                                                    D. deceive

13. A. responsibilities                                     C. nebulous                                                 E. rule

      B. obscure                                               D. irresponsible

14.  A. cannot                                                C.  afford                                                    E. do not have

       B. unable                                                 D. not able 

15. A. subjection                                            C. colonialism                                              E. bound

      B. independence                                       D. attached 

16. A. ability                                                   C. incompetence                                         E. not really

      B. incapacity                                             D.  considerable

The following text is for number 17 to 20.

Parents choose homeschooling to educate their kids because they believe that homeschooling can be a personalized schedule. Homeschooling allows parents and children to work out a schedule that will best work for the child.

Another advantage is flexibility in time and curriculum. By homeschooling parents can set the curriculum around vacation, illnesses, and other surprise event.

On the other hand, homeschooling can spoil parents' time. Homeschooling needs a lot of time in preparation and delivery. Parents have to research topics, prepare the lessons, set up the projects and field the trips.

So, when thinking about putting children through homeschool, we should make sure that we understand all of the criteria involved in the home education.

17.  What is being discussed in the text above?

       A.  School for children

       B.  Education for kids

       C.  The flexibility of homeschooling

       D.  Putting children through home school

       E.  The advantages and disadvantages of homeschooling

18.  What should parents do before deciding homeschooling?

       A.  They should ask their kids

       B.  They should know the weaknesses of homeschooling

       C.  They should think that homeschooling can spoil parents' time

       D.  They should understand all criteria involved in the home education

       E.  They should make sure that their children have desire to be homeschooled

19.  Which of the following statements are TRUE based on the text above?

       A.  Homeschooling can't be a personalized schedule.

       B.  Homeschooling has flexibility in time

       C.  Homeschooling can't spoil parents' time

       D.  Parents shouldn't understand all criteria involved in the home education

       E.  Homeschooling has good fix curriculum

20.  "Homeschooling can spoil parents' time." (Paragraph 3)

        The opposite of the underlined word is ....

       A. Heal                                           C. Trash                                                                E. Damage

       B. Ruin                                           D. Improve

Soal Hukum Hardy-Weinberg part 1

1. Di dalam populasi 10.000 orang, diketahui 10 orang kidal. Berapa orangkah yang normal heterozigot pada populasi tersebut?

Jawab :

Normal = p

Kidal = q

Normal heterozigot = 2pq

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Kidal = 10

q² = 10/10.000 = 0, 0001

q = √0, 0001 = 0,01

p + q = 1

p = 1 - 0,01

p = 0,99

2pq = 2 (0,99 x 0, 01)

2pq = 0,01 x 10.000

2pq = 100 orang

2. Diketahui 36% orang tidak dapat merasakan pahitnya kertas PTC (non PTC). Tentukanlah perbandingan genotipe TT : Tt : tt.

Jawab :

Perasa + tidak perasa = 100%

Perasa = 100% - 36% = 64%

q² = 36% = 0,36

q = √0,36= 0,6

p + q = 1

p = 1 - 0,6 = 0, 4

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

= (0,4)² + 2 (0,4 x 0,6) + (0,6)²

= 0,16 : 0,48 : 0, 36

     TT   :   Tt   :    tt

3. Pada suatu populasi diketahui terdapat 0,09% orang yang albino. Bila populasi terdiri dari 10.000 orang, maka berapa orangkah yang normal?

Jawab :

Normal = p² + 2pq

Albino = q²

Albino = 0,09%

q² = 0,09/100 = 0,0009

q = 0,03

p + q = 1

p = 1 - 0,03

p = 0,97

Normal = p² + 2pq

= (0,97)² + 2(0,97 x 0,03)

= 0,9409 + 0,0582

= 0, 9991 x 10000

= 9991 orang.

4. Jika diketahui penduduk desa A terdapat pria normal 90%, maka berapa % wanita buta warna dan wanita normal di desa tersebut?

Jawab :

Pria normal (X^B) = p

Pria buta warna (X^b) = q

Wanita normal (X^BX^B) = p²

Wanita buta warna (X^bX^b) = q²

Wanita normal carrier (X^BX^b) = 2pq

Pria normal = 90%

p = 90/100 = 0,9

p + q = 1

q = 1 - 0,9 = 0,1

p² + q² = (0,9)² + (0,1)²

p² + q² = 0,81 + 0,01

p² (wanita normal) = 0,81 x 100% = 81 %

q² (wanita buta warna) = 0,01 x 100% = 1%

5. Dari 10.000 penduduk terdapat wanita buta warna 9 orang, maka berapa orangkah wanita karir, wanita normal, pria normal, dan pria buta warna?

Jawab :

Pria normal (X^B) = p

Pria buta warna (X^b) = q

Wanita normal (X^BX^B) = p²

Wanita buta warna (X^bX^b) = q²

Wanita normal carrier (X^BX^b) = 2pq

Wanita buta warna = 9 orang

q² = 9/10.000 = 0,0009

q = √0,0009 = 0,03

p + q = 1

p = 1 - 0,3 = 0,97

2pq (wanita normal carrier) = 2 (0,97 x 0,03)

2pq (wanita normal carrier) = 0,02 x 10.000 = 200 orang

p² (wanita normal) = (0,97)²

= 0,094 x 10.000 = 940 orang

p (pria normal) = 0,97 x 10.000 = 9700 orang

q (pria buta warna) = 0,03 x 10.000 = 300 orang

6. Dari 10.000 penduduk diperiksa golongan darahnya. Didapat 2800 orang golongan darah A, 2800 golongan darah B, 800 orang golongan darah AB, dan 3600 orang golongan darah O. Hitunglah:

a. Frekuensi alel I^A, I^B, I^O

b. Berapa orang homozigot golongan darah A.

c. Berapa orang homozigot dan heterozigot golongan darah B.

Jawab :

a. p² (I^AI^A) + 2pr (I^AI^O) + q² (I^BI^B) + 2qr (I^BI^O) + 2pq (I^AI^B) + r² (I^OI^O)

r² = 3600/10.000 = 0,36

r = √0,36= 0,6

(p + r)² = 2800 + 3600/10.000

(p + r)² = 6400/10.000

(p + r)² = 0,64

(p + r) = √0,64 = 0,8

p = 0,8 - 0,6 = 0,2

p + q + r = 1

q = 1 - (p + r)

q = 1 - (0,2 + 0,6)

q = 0,2

b. I^AI^A = p² = (0,2)² = 0,04

I^AI^A = 0,04 x 10.000 = 400 orang

c. I^BI^B = q² = (0,2)² = 0,04

I^BI^B = 0,04 x 10.000 = 400 orang

I^BI^O = 2qr = 2(0,2 x 0,6) = 0,24

I^BI^O = 0,24 x 10.000 = 2400 orang

7. Dalam suatu populasi terdapat golongan darah A 20% dan O 16%, maka berapa golongan darah AB dan golongan darah B?

Jawab:

(p + q + r)² = p² (I^AI^A) + 2pr (I^AI^O) + q² (I^BI^B) + 2qr (I^BI^O) + 2pq (I^AI^B) + r² (I^OI^O)

r² = 16% = 0,16

r = √0,16 = 0,4

p = 0,6 - r

p = 0,6 - 0,4 = 0,2

p + q + r = 0,2 + q + 0,4

q = 1 - 0,6 = 0,4

I^A (p) = 0,2

I^B (q) = 0,4

I^O (r) = 0,4

AB = 2pq

AB = 2 (0,2 x 0,4)

AB = 0,6 x 100% = 16%

B = q² + 2qr

B = (0,4)² + 2(0,4 x 0,4)

B = 0,16 + 0,32

B = 0,48 x 100% = 48%

8. Dalam 10.000 penduduk diketahui golongan darah B = 3900, 0 = 2500, A = 2400 dan AB = 1200. Hitunglah :

a. Frekuensi I^A, I^B, I^O

b. Golongan darah A homozigot dan heterozigot

c. Golongan darah B homozigot dan heterozigot.

Jawab :

a. p² (I^AI^A) + 2pr (I^AI^O) + q² (I^BI^B) + 2qr (I^BI^O) + 2pq (I^AI^B) + r² (I^OI^O)

r² = 2500/10.000= 0,25

r = √0,25= 0,5

(p + r)² = 2400 + 2500 / 10.000 = 4900/10.000

(p + r)² = 0,49

(p + r) = √0,49 = 0,7

p = 0,7 - 0,5 = 0,2

p + q + r = 1

q = 1 - (p + r)

q = 1 - (0,2 + 0,5) = 0,3

I^A = 0,2

I^B = 0,3

I^O = 0,5

b. I^AI^A = p² = (0,2)² = 0,04

I^AI^A = 0,04 x 10.000 = 400 orang

I^AI^O = 2pr = 2(0,2 x 0,5) = 0,2

I^AI^O = 0,2 x 10.000 = 2000 orang

c. I^BI^B = q² = (0,3)² = 0,09

I^BI^B = 0,09 x 10.000 = 900 orang

d. I^BI^O = 2qr = 2(0,3 x 0,5) = 0,3

I^BI^O = 0,3 x 10.000 = 3000 orang.

to be continued . . .